Conjunctions

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences. These "joining words" are of three main kinds presented below along with a few examples:

Coordinating Conjunctions: Generally, they connect two independent clauses to form a sentence.

For	Baray-e	برای
And	Wa	و
But, However	Ammaa	اما
With	Baa	با
Yet	Hanoz	هنوز
Therefor, So	Pass	پس

Subordinating Conjunctions: Make one clause less important than another. Some are also prepositions.

                

While	dar Haale ke	در حالی که
Although	Ba wojoode ke	با وجودیکه
Bofore	Qabl az	قبل از
After	Bad az	بعد از
Even if	Hattaa agar	حتی اگر
Until	Taa waqte ke	تا وقتی که

Corelative Conjunctions: Are used to join equal sentence elements together.

Either This or that	Yaa een, yaa aan	یا این یا آن
Neither	Hech-yak	هیچیک
Not Only	Na-tanhaa	نه تنها
Both	Hardo	هردو
Or	yaa	یا

Adjectives and Adverbs

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. In English, an adjective is mentioned before the noun. However, in Dari the adjective comes after the noun. Also, the noun ends with the sound of the vowel e' followed by the adjective. The vowel e' is only pronounced and is not written. This vowel is almost the equivalent of 'which is' in English. So, Motar e maqbool literally means 'The car that/which is nice.'

Therefore: e = that/which is

Examples: 

Nice/pretty car - motar  e maqbool -  موتر مقبول
      White dog - Sag e safed - سگ سفید

 New house - Khaana e naw - خانهء نو 
Good student - Shaakerd e khoob - شاگرد خوب 
         Smart woman - zan e hoshiaar - زن هوشیار
  Honest man - Mard e saadeq - مرد صادق
 Big room - Otaaq e kalaan - اتاق کلان
Old shirt -  Peraahan e kohna - پیراهن کهنه

Any noun that ends with a Hay, ( ه ) receives a hamza, ( ء ) as a suffix to signify the connecting sound of the vowel ( e ) between the noun and the adjective: خانهء نو

An adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies a verb, an adjective, or other adverb expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

He/she never came. - o hargez nayaamad. - او هرگز نیامد

I went last year. - Paarsaal raftam. - .پارسال رفتم

Come closer. - Nazdeek biyaa. -  .نزدیک بیا

He/She climbed easily. - O ba aasaani baalaas shod .او به آسانی بالا شد

The cake is very sweet. - Cake besyaar shirin ast. -  .کیک بسیار شیرین است

Sometimes I laugh. Gah .گاهی میخندم

Prepositions

Words that show the relationship between two other words.

Translation Preposition

About در باره
Below/Beneath پایین/زیر
Above بالا
Until تا وقتی
Across آنسو، فراسو
Beside/Besides پهلوی
After بعد از، سپس
Behind عقب، پشت
Against   مقابل                         
before قبل از، پیش از
Ahead پیش، مقابل
Through از میان
Outside خارج
Without بدون
With همراه، با
Far From دور از
Under/Underneath زیر، تحت
Along همراه
Amid/Among میان، بین
Next بعد، پهلو
From از
In Addition بر علاوه
On/Over بالای، روی
In Case در صورتی که، احیاناً
Opposite مخالف، برعکس
In Front of پیشرو

Within میان، داخل

According to مطابق

Despite/In Spite of با وجودیکه، با وجوداینکه

Around اطراف، گرد

In در، داخل

At به، در

Atop روی

Plus برعلاوه، همچنان

Out of خارج از

Instead of به حای، عوض

In/Into در، داخل

Like مثل، مانند

Near نزدیک

Pronoun

Put simply, a pronoun is substitute for a noun. In general, pronouns replace, a noun (antecedent) either in singular, or plural form. The following types of pronoun noteworthy.

Personal (objective/subjective) Pronouns

A word used to substitute for the proper name of a person. In Dari, personal pronouns do not specify gender as it does in English. They also remain the same when used as a subject or object of the sentence.

Examples:

Meaning	P	Meaning	S	Type
We/Us	ما	I, me	من	First P.
You	شما	You	تو/شما	Second P.
They/Them	آنها	He, She, Him, Her	او	Third P.
Those	آنها	That	آن	Object
These	اینها	This, It	این	Object

In English, you refers to both second-person-singular and plural. In Dari however, تو, too signifies second-person-singular, and شما, shomaa is substitute for the plural form of the noun. Also, we use شما to refer to second-person singular if we want to be formal and or polite.

Relative and Indefinite Pronouns

Relative pronoun helps identify a noun by connecting it to or establishing a relationship between the noun and the rest of the sentence. Indefinite pronoun does not refer to a particular noun.

Meaning	Indefinite P.	Meaning	Relative P.	Root
Someone	کسی	Whoever	هر کسی که	کس
Something	چیزی	Whatever	هر چیزی که	چیز
Something	کدامی	Whichever	هر کدامی که	کدام
Sometime	وقتی	Whenever	هر وقتی که	وقت
Somewhere	جایی	Wherever	هر جایی که	جای

Other Indefinite Pronouns
     

None/Nothing	هیچ یکهیچ چیز/	A few/Many	چند/چندین
Some	بعضی	A few/Little	کمی
Pair	جوره	More	زیادتر/بیشتر
Anything	هرچیز	All	همه
Anybody	هرکس	Both	هردو
Some/Few	تعدادی	Anyone	هریک/هرکدام

Intensive Pronouns

This type of pronoun places emphasis on the antecedent. While in English, it ends with "self," i.e. "myself," in Dari it it begins with "Khod - خود - self."

Meaning	Intensive P.	Meaning	Intensive P.
Yourself	خودت	Myself	خودم
Yourself	خودتان	Herself/himself	خودش
Ourselves	خود ما	Themselves	خودشان

Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns help form questions: Who? Which? What? Where?

I.P.	Who	Which	What	Where
Meaning	کی	کدام	چی/چه	کجا

Reciprocal Pronoun

These pronouns establish a reciprocal relationship between two individuals or objects.

Each other: همدیگر: هم + دیگر
One another: یکدیگر: یک + دیگر